Chiyambi

Popeza kuipitsidwa kwa chilengedwe kukukulirakulira, kuyesa ubwino wa madzi kwakhala gawo lofunika kwambiri pa kuteteza chilengedwe, kuteteza thanzi la anthu onse komanso malamulo a mafakitale. Kaya ndi kuyesa madzi akumwa, kuyang'anira kutulutsa madzi otayira m'mafakitale, kapena kuwunika zachilengedwe za mitsinje ndi nyanja, deta yolondola yowunikira ubwino wa madzi ndiyo maziko opangira zisankho zasayansi komanso kasamalidwe kotsatira malamulo.

Monga gawo loyamba pa njira yoyesera ubwino wa madzi, kulondola kwa kusonkhanitsa zitsanzo kumagwirizana mwachindunji ndi kudalirika kwa njira yonse yoyesera.Mabotolo oyezera madzi a EPA, popeza ziwiya zonyamulira zitsanzo, ngakhale zazing'ono komanso zooneka zosavuta, ndizofunikira kwambiri kuti zitsanzozo zisadetsedwe, zisachitepo kanthu, komanso kuti zisungidwe bwino.Ngati kusankhako sikuli koyenera, sikungopangitsa kuti deta yoyesera isokonezeke, komanso kungayambitsenso kubwerezabwereza kwa zitsanzo, kuchedwetsa kupita patsogolo kwa ntchito ndikuwonjezera ndalama.

Tanthauzo ndi Kugawa Mabotolo Oyesera Madzi a EPA

Mabotolo osanthula madzi a EPA ndi zidebe zapadera zoyezera zitsanzo zomwe zimakwaniritsa miyezo ya EPA yoyezera ndi kusanthula ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka kusonkhanitsa ndikusunga zitsanzo zamadzi kuti zikayesedwe pambuyo pake mu labotale. Mabotolo awa amapangidwa kuti agwirizane ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zoyesera, zofunikira pakusunga, ndi mawonekedwe azinthu kuti achepetse kuipitsidwa, kuwonongeka, kapena kusintha kwa kapangidwe kake panthawi yonyamula ndi kusungira, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti zotsatira zowunikira zikulondola komanso kubwerezabwereza.

Malinga ndi zipangizo ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana, mabotolo oyezera madzi a EPA amagawidwa m'magulu otsatirawa:

1. Mabotolo agalasi

• Kawirikawiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito kusonkhanitsa zinthu zoipitsa zachilengedwe chifukwa ndi zosagwira ntchito, sizimayamwa zinthu zomwe zimafunidwa mosavuta, ndipo zimatha kupirira kutentha kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi zipewa zokulungira ndi ma gasket a PTFE/silicone kuti ziwonjezere kutseka ndi kukhazikika kwa mankhwala.

2. Mabotolo a polyethylene

• Kuphatikizapo polyethylene yochuluka kwambiri ndi polyethylene yocheperako, imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri poyesa zinthu zisanu monga ayoni achitsulo, mchere wa michere, anion ndi ma cations. Mabotolo awa ndi osavuta kukhudza komanso opepuka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti akhale oyenera kunyamulika pamalopo komanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.

3. Mabotolo a Amber

• Ili ndi ntchito yabwino yophimba mthunzi ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pofufuza zinthu zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi kuwala, zomwe zingalepheretse bwino kusintha kwa mankhwala kapena kuwola komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha UV.

4. Mabotolo okhala ndi teflon

• Yoyenera kusanthula molondola kwambiri, monga kusonkhanitsa zitsulo zolemera kapena zitsanzo zowononga kwambiri. PTFE ili ndi kukana kwabwino kwa mankhwala komanso kusagwira ntchito, ndipo sichitapo kanthu ndi chilichonse, koma ndi yokwera mtengo kwambiri.

Chilichonse cha mabotolo oyesera madzi a EPA chili ndi gawo lake lokhalo logwiritsira ntchito, kusankha kuyenera kutengera mtundu wa zinthu zoyesera, mawonekedwe ndi kapangidwe ka mankhwala a chinthucho, komanso kukonzedwanso kuti zigwirizane ndi mtundu woyenera wa botolo ndi momwe zinthuzo zimachitikira musanagwiritse ntchito. Ngati chidebecho sichinasankhidwe bwino, chingasokoneze deta yoyesera, kapena kubweretsa zinyalala za zitsanzo kapena kufunikira kusonkhanitsanso, zomwe zingakhudze ntchito yonse ya polojekitiyi.

Zinthu Zofunika Kwambiri Posankha Mabotolo Oyesera Madzi a EPA

Poyesa ubwino wa madzi, kusankha mabotolo oyenera a EPA oyezera madzi ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti zitsimikizire zotsatira zolondola.

1. Mtundu wa chinthu choyesera

Zinthu zosiyanasiyana zoyesera zimagwirizana ndi zofunikira zosiyanasiyana zoyezera, kotero gawo loyamba posankha mabotolo oyezera madzi a EPA ndikutanthauzira zinthu zoyesera:

• Kuzindikira zinthu zodetsa zachilengedwe: monga mankhwala osinthika achilengedwe, mankhwala osinthika pang'ono achilengedwe, ndi zina zotero, ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito mabotolo agalasi. Galasi limaletsa bwino kuyamwa ndi kusinthasintha kwa zinthu zachilengedwe, ndipo nthawi zambiri ndikofunikira kuwonjezera asidi pasadakhale kuti aletse ntchito ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndikuletsa kuwonongeka kwa chinthucho.
• Kuzindikira zitsulo zolemera: monga lead, mercury, cadmium ndi zinthu zina zachitsulo, ziyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mabotolo a polyethylene okhala ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu, chifukwa chakuti alibe kusokoneza kwachitsulo, sizimavuta kuyamwa ma ayoni achitsulo, ndipo zimakhala ndi kukhazikika kwabwino kwa mankhwala.
• Kuyesa kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda: monga mabakiteriya a coliform, kuchuluka kwa koloni yonse, ndi zina zotero, ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito mabotolo apulasitiki osawonongeka, omwe nthawi zambiri amatayidwa, nthawi zambiri PET kapena polypropylene, kuti atsimikizire kuti zitsanzozo sizinaipitsidwe asananyamulidwe.

2. Kusankha zinthu

Makhalidwe a zipangizo zosiyanasiyana ali ndi makhalidwe awoawo ndipo amakhudza deta yoyesera mosiyana:

• Mabotolo agalasi: Yolimba kutentha kwambiri, yopanda mankhwala, yosagwirizana ndi zinthu zachilengedwe, yosinthidwa kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito poyesa zachilengedwe. Komabe, kulemera kwake ndi kwakukulu, kosavuta kuswa, mayendedwe ake ayenera kusamalidwa.
• Mabotolo apulasitiki (polyethylene, polypropylene, ndi zina zotero): yopepuka, yosavuta kuswa, yoyenera kusanthula zinthu zopanda chilengedwe. Komabe, mapulasitiki ena amatha kunyamula zinthu zoipitsa zachilengedwe kapena kutulutsa zinthu zodetsa zakumbuyo, zomwe siziyenera kusanthula zachilengedwe.

3. Kodi kukonza kumafunika pasadakhale?

Mabotolo oyezera madzi a EPA nthawi zambiri amafunika kudzazidwa kale ndi zosungira kapena mankhwala kuti zitsanzo zikhale zokhazikika:

• Zosungira zodziwika bwino zimaphatikizapo HCI, HNO₃, ndi NaOH.
• Kuchiza pamalopo: kungachepetse kusintha, koma kumafuna opaleshoni yokhazikika komanso mikhalidwe ina pamalopo.
• Kuchiza koyambirira kwa labotale: ntchito yolondola kwambiri, koma imafuna malo osungira zitsanzo zapamwamba ndipo ikhoza kuyambitsa kusintha panthawi yoyendera.

4. Mtundu wa botolo

• Botolo la bulauni: Amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa zinthu zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi kuwala, monga mankhwala ophera tizilombo, zinthu zodetsa zachilengedwe, ndi zina zotero. Angathe kuletsa kuwala kwa ultraviolet ndikuchedwetsa kuwonongeka kwa zitsanzo.
• Botolo lowonekera: yoyenera ntchito zosakhudzidwa ndi kuwala, yosavuta kuwona mtundu wa zitsanzo zamadzi, kukhuthala ndi zinthu zina zakuthupi, koma sikoyenera kuzindikira zinthu zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi kuwala.

5. Kusankha voliyumu

• Iyenera kutengera njira yoyesera. Zofunikira za labotale ndi dongosolo la polojekiti kuti musankhe kuchuluka kwa botolo. Zofunikira zodziwika bwino ndi 40ml, 125ml, 500ml, ndi zina zotero.
• Mapulojekiti ena amafuna kuti pakhale malo enaake oti "mpweya ukhale" kuti awonjezere zinthu zobwezeretsa mphamvu kapena kuti apewe kuzizira ndi kufalikira kwa madzi; pomwe mapulojekiti ena amafuna kuti pasakhale malo otsala ndipo botolo lidzazidwe mokwanira.

Miyezo ya EPA ndi Zofunikira Zoyang'anira

Mu kuyesa kwa ubwino wa madzi, zotengera zotengera zitsanzo sizimangokhala gawo la ntchito yoyesera, komanso gawo lofunikira la kuwongolera mwamphamvu malamulo oyendetsera, EPA (US Environmental Protection Agency) m'njira zingapo zoyesera m'mabotolo owunikira madzi kuti apange zofunikira zomveka bwino za mtundu wa kusanthula madzi, zipangizo, ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito kake kuti zitsimikizire kuti deta yowunikira ya sayansi, kulondola komanso kutsatira malamulo.

1. Miyezo yodziwika bwino ya EPA yowunikira ubwino wa madzi ndi zofunikira pa mabotolo oyezera zitsanzo

Pansipa pali njira zingapo zoyesera za EPA ndi zofunikira zawo pa mabotolo oyesera:

• EPA 524.2 (kuyesa kwa VOC): imafuna kugwiritsa ntchito mabotolo agalasi opanda mutu a 40 ml okhala ndi ma gasket otsekera a PTFE/silicone, ndi hydrochloric acid yowonjezeredwa mu botolo ngati chosungira. Botolo liyenera kudzazidwa pamwamba popanda thovu la mpweya kapena malo opanda kanthu kuti ma VOC asatuluke.
• EPA 200.8 (Kuzindikira ICP-MS kwa zinthu zachitsulo): Kugwiritsa ntchito mabotolo apulasitiki a HDPE moyenera, mabotolo ayenera kuwonjezeredwa ku nitric acid pre-acidification kuti asalowerere chitsulo.
• Mndandanda wa EPA 300 (kusanthula kwa ion chromatography ya anions ndi cations)Mabotolo a polypropylene kapena polyethylene angagwiritsidwe ntchito popanda kuwonjezera asidi, mabotolowo amafunika kukhala oyera komanso opanda ma ayoni osokoneza.
• Mndandanda wa EPA 1600 (kuyesa kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda): imafuna mabotolo apulasitiki osabala, otayidwa, omwe nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa ma coliforms onse, enterococci ndi zizindikiro zina, botololo likhoza kuwonjezeredwa ku kuchuluka koyenera kwa sodium thiosulfate kuti lichepetse zotsalira za chlorine.

Muyezo uliwonse uli ndi malamulo okhwima okhudza mtundu wa botolo, kuchuluka kwake, kutentha kwake ndi nthawi yosungira, ndipo kunyalanyaza chilichonse mwa izi kungayambitse deta yosalondola.

2. Zofunikira pa dongosolo lovomerezeka la labotale pa zotengera zotengera zitsanzo

Mwachidule, ma laboratories ambiri a chipani chachitatu amafunika kuvomerezedwa mwapadera, monga:

• Msonkhano wa National Environmental Laboratory Accreditation Conference (NELAC): imafuna momveka bwino kuti zotengera zotengera zitsanzo, njira zopezera zitsanzo, ndi njira zosungira zigwirizane ndi EPA kapena miyezo ya dziko, komanso kuti mndandanda wonse wa zitsanzo ulembedwe.
• ISO/IEC 17025 (Zofunikira Zonse za Luso la Ma Laboratories Oyesa ndi Kukonza): ikugogomezera kutsata bwino, kasamalidwe koyenera ka zida zoyezera ndi zolemba za kagwiritsidwe ntchito kawo, ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa SOPs (Standard Operating Procedures) posankha, kuyeretsa ndi kusungira chidebe.

Ma laboratories omwe apambana ziphasozi akuyenera kukhala ndi njira yoyendetsera bwino kusonkhanitsa zitsanzo, ndipo kusankha ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mabotolo oyezera zitsanzo kuyenera kulembedwa kuti ziwunikidwe mkati kapena kunja.

3. Zotsatira zenizeni za ntchito zotsata malamulo

Kusankha mitsuko yoyenera ya EPA yowunikira madzi motsatira malamulo sikuti kungokwaniritsa zofunikira za labotale kapena pulogalamu yokha, komanso kumagwirizana mwachindunji ndi izi:

• Onetsetsani kuti deta yoyesera ndi yolondola komanso yovomerezeka ndi sayansi: njira zotsanzira malamulo zotsanzira zitsanzo ndi kusunga ndi maziko owunikira deta kuti izidziwike ndi madipatimenti aboma, makhothi kapena mabungwe.
• Kupambana ndemanga za polojekiti ndi ma audit abwinoMakamaka pakuwunika momwe zinthu zilili pa chilengedwe, zilolezo zotulutsa mpweya, kuvomereza zachilengedwe, ndi zina zotero, kugwiritsa ntchito mabotolo oyezera zitsanzo kungapewe kubwezedwa kapena kuyesedwanso chifukwa chosatsatira malamulo.
• Pewani zinyalala za zitsanzo ndi chiopsezo chosonkhanitsidwanso: Chitsanzo chikapezeka kuti sichili bwino, chiyenera kutengedwanso, zomwe sizimangochedwetsa kupita patsogolo, komanso zimawonjezera mtengo wa ntchito, zipangizo ndi mayendedwe.

Zosamala pa Ntchito Yopanga

Ngakhale mabotolo oyezera madzi a EPA atasankhidwa omwe akukwaniritsa miyezo ya EPA, kusagwiritsa ntchito bwino nthawi yopereka zitsanzo, kusunga, ndi kunyamula kungayambitse kuipitsidwa kwa zitsanzo, kuwonongeka, kapena kutayika kwa deta. Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kuyang'anitsitsa tsatanetsatane uliwonse kuti muwonetsetse kuti chitsanzocho ndi cholondola komanso kuti zotsatira za mayeso ndi zoona.

1. Kuyang'ana chisindikizo cha chivundikiro

Kutseka mabotolo oyezera madzi a EPA kumagwirizana mwachindunji ndi ngati chitsanzocho chidzasungunuka, kutayikira, kapena kuchitapo kanthu poyamwa chinyezi panthawi yomwe sichidzagwa:

• Musanatenge zitsanzo, chivundikirocho chiyenera kufufuzidwa kuti muwone ngati chivundikirocho chikukwanira bwino pakamwa pa botolo, komanso ngati pali kusintha kulikonse, kusweka kapena kukalamba.
• Kuti mupeze mankhwala osinthika komanso zinthu zina zomwe zimakhala zovuta kwambiri, ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito chipewa chotseka chokhala ndi ulusi chokhala ndi gasket ya PTFE/silicone, ndikuchilimbitsa kenako ndikuchiyang'anira kuti muwonetsetse kuti palibe kutuluka kwa madzi.
• Chivundikirocho chiyenera kumangidwa nthawi yomweyo pambuyo poti chatengedwa kuti chisawonekere kwa nthawi yayitali.

2. Njira zopewera kuipitsidwa ndi zinthu zina

Ntchito iliyonse yosayeretsa imatha kuyambitsa kusokoneza kwa kumbuyo komwe kungakhudze mulingo wakumbuyo wa chitsanzo, makamaka chofunikira kwambiri pakufufuza zotsalira kapena kuzindikira tizilombo toyambitsa matenda:

• Gwiritsani ntchito magolovesi otayidwa pa chitsanzo chilichonse ndipo bwezerani botolo musanasewere kuti mupewe kuipitsidwa ndi botolo.
• Gwiritsani ntchito zida zapadera zoyesera zitsanzo (monga ndodo zoyesera zitsanzo, mapampu oyesera zitsanzo, ndi zina zotero) ndipo yeretsani kapena zisintheni bwino pakati pa malo oyesera zitsanzo.
• Pa zitsanzo zomwe zimafunika kukonzedwa pasadakhale pamalopo, gwiritsani ntchito mapaipi oyera kapena mabotolo odzazidwa kale ndi zotetezera kuti mupewe kuwonetsedwa mpweya kwa nthawi yayitali.

3. Zitsanzo zosungira ndi zoyendera

Zitsanzo za madzi zimatha kusintha, kuwonongeka kapena kulephera ngati sizikusungidwa kapena kunyamulidwa bwino kuyambira nthawi yotolera mpaka nthawi yoyesera:

• Kutentha kosungira: Mabotolo ambiri oyezera madzi a EPA ayenera kusungidwa mufiriji pa 4℃, ndipo nthawi zambiri amanyamulidwa m'bokosi lozizira kapena phukusi la ayezi; zitsanzo za tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ziyenera kuyendetsedwa mosamala kutentha ndikuwunika mkati mwa maola 6.
• Nthawi yosungiraZinthu zosiyanasiyana zimakhala ndi nthawi yosiyana yosungira, mwachitsanzo masiku 14 a VOCs, maola 48 a mchere wopatsa thanzi, ndi mpaka miyezi 6 ya zitsulo zolemera (panthawi yomwe asidi asanafike).
• Zolemba za Chidebe: Botolo lililonse la chitsanzo liyenera kukhala ndi chizindikiro cha nambala yosunthira chomwe chikuwonetsa nthawi ndi malo operekera chitsanzo, dzina la chinthucho, ndi njira yosungira kuti zitsanzo zisasokonezeke.
• Zolemba za mayendedwe: Ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo ndi pepala loti mutenge kuti mulembe zonse zomwe zikuchitika kuchokera ku kusonkhanitsa mpaka ku labotale kuti mukwaniritse zosowa za kuwongolera khalidwe ndi kuunika.

Zitsanzo za Malingaliro ndi Zolakwika Zofala

Mu ntchito yeniyeni yowunikira ubwino wa madzi, chifukwa chosadziwa bwino za kugwiritsa ntchito njira zoyesera mabotolo, nthawi zambiri pamakhala zotsatira zazing'ono koma zazikulu pa zotsatira za cholakwika cha opaleshoni. Zotsatirazi zikutchula kusamvetsetsana kofala ndi zotsatira zake, kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito komanso kuchenjezedwa.

1. Kuipitsidwa kapena kulowetsedwa kwa chitsanzo chifukwa cha kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zolakwika

• Ngati mabotolo apulasitiki wamba amagwiritsidwa ntchito kusonkhanitsa zitsanzo za VOC, mabotolo apulasitiki (makamaka PVC kapena polyethylene yotsika mtengo) amatha kulowetsedwa kapena kulowa mu zinthu zodetsa zachilengedwe, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe akufuna kuziona kuchepe komanso kuti kuzindikire zinthuzo kukhale kochepa kapena kosawoneka bwino. Mabotolo agalasi olamulidwa ndi EPA okhala ndi mitu yopanda mpweya ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito, ndi ma gasket a PTFE/silicone mu cap liner kuti atsimikizire kuti mankhwala sagwira ntchito bwino komanso kuti atsekedwe.

2. Kunyalanyaza zotsatira za kuwala kwa dzuwa kumabweretsa kuwonongeka kwa zitsanzo

• Ngati mabotolo agalasi owoneka bwino agwiritsidwa ntchito kusonkhanitsa zitsanzo za zotsalira za mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndipo akuwonetsedwa ku dzuwa kwa nthawi yayitali atatenga zitsanzo, zinthu zina zachilengedwe monga mankhwala ophera tizilombo, ma PAH, ndi zinthu za nitroaromatic zimakhala zovuta kwambiri ku kuwala, ndipo zimatha kuwola ndikusintha kuwala, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zotsatira zolakwika. Pa zinthu zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi kuwala, mabotolo a bulauni ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito potenga zitsanzo, ndipo zitsanzozo ziyenera kusungidwa mwachangu ndikutetezedwa ku kuwala pambuyo potenga zitsanzo, ndipo kuwala kwa dzuwa kuyeneranso kupewedwa panthawi yonyamula.

3. Palibe zosungira kapena malo osungira osayenerera, kuwonongeka kwa zitsanzo

• Ngati zitsanzo za ammonia nayitrogeni zinasonkhanitsidwa popanda zosungira ndikusungidwa mufiriji kwa maola 24 musanatumizidwe kuti akayesedwe. Pa kutentha kwa chipinda, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timasintha mwachangu ammonia nayitrogeni m'madzi kapena kuisintha kukhala mitundu ina, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kuchuluka kwa ammonia nayitrogeni kusinthe ndikupangitsa kuti zotsatira za mayeso zisakhale zabwino. Zitsanzo ziyenera kusinthidwa kukhala acidity powonjezera sulfuric acid kapena hydrochloric acid nthawi yomweyo mutazisonkhanitsa kuti mulepheretse ntchito ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndikuzinyamula mufiriji pa 4°C kuti zitsimikizire kuti zatumizidwa kuti zikayesedwe mkati mwa nthawi yomwe yatchulidwa.

Maganizo olakwika amenewa amatikumbutsa kuti kusankha mabotolo oyenera a EPA oyezera madzi ndi gawo loyamba lokha, ndipo chofunika kwambiri, kugwira ntchito kokhazikika kwa njira yonseyi ndi tsatanetsatane wa kayendetsedwe ka madzi, kuti zitsimikizire kuti deta yoyesera ubwino wa madzi ndi yowona komanso yodalirika, yokhala ndi zovomerezeka mwalamulo komanso zaukadaulo.

Mapeto

Pakuwunika ubwino wa madzi, mabotolo oyezera madzi a EPA, ngakhale kuti ndi chidebe chaching'ono, amachita gawo lofunika kwambiri pa njira yonse yoyezera ndi kusanthula. Kusankha mabotolo oyezera madzi a EPA ndikofunikira kuti zitsimikizire kuti deta ndi yolondola, yolondola komanso yotsatiridwa ndi malamulo.

Kutengera kusankha bwino mabotolo oyezera, kuphatikiza njira zoyendetsera ntchito (monga kugwiritsa ntchito zosungira, kusungira kutali ndi kuwala, kunyamula mufiriji, ndi zina zotero), kungachepetse kusintha kwa kusonkhanitsa, kusunga ndi kunyamula zitsanzo, kuti zitsimikizire kuti zotsatira zomaliza za mayeso ndi zoona, zodalirika komanso zovomerezeka mwalamulo.

Kuphatikiza apo, tikulimbikitsa kuti gawo lililonse lizikonzekera nthawi zonse maphunziro a maso kwa oyesa zitsanzo kuti apititse patsogolo kumvetsetsa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito miyezo ya EPA ndi malangizo ogwiritsira ntchito mabotolo a zitsanzo, kuti apewe mavuto monga migodi yatsopano, kulephera kwa deta kapena kulephera kwa kafukufuku chifukwa cha zolakwika pakugwira ntchito, motero kukonza bwino ntchito yowunikira ubwino wa madzi ndi ukadaulo.