Mawu Oyamba

Popeza kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe kukuchulukirachulukira, kuyesa kwamadzi kwakhala gawo lofunika kwambiri pachitetezo cha chilengedwe, chitetezo chaumoyo wa anthu komanso malamulo amakampani. Kaya ndikuyesa madzi akumwa, kuyang'anira kutulutsa madzi otayika m'mafakitale, kapena kuwunika kwachilengedwe kwa mitsinje ndi nyanja, zowunikira zolondola zamadzi ndi maziko opangira zisankho zasayansi ndikuwongolera kutsata.

Monga gawo loyamba la kuyesa kwa madzi, kulondola kwa kusonkhanitsa zitsanzo kumagwirizana mwachindunji ndi kudalirika kwa njira yonse yoyesera.Mbale zowunikira madzi a EPA, monga zotengera zonyamulira zitsanzo, ngakhale zazing'ono kukula komanso mawonekedwe osavuta, ndizofunikira kwambiri kuti zitsanzozo zisaipitsidwe, zisachitepo, ndipo zimasungidwa bwino.Ngati kusankha sikuli koyenera, sikungangoyambitsa kusokoneza deta yoyesera, ndipo kungayambitsenso sampuli mobwerezabwereza, kuchedwetsa kupita patsogolo kwa ntchito ndikuwonjezera ndalama.

Tanthauzo ndi Gulu la EPA Madzi Analysis Mbale

Mbale zowunikira madzi za EPA ndi zotengera zapadera zomwe zimakwaniritsa miyezo ya EPA ndi kusanthula ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kusonkhanitsa ndi kusunga zitsanzo za madzi kuti ziyesedwe motsatira zasayansi. Mbalezi zimapangidwira kuzinthu zosiyanasiyana zoyesa, zofunikira posungira, ndi mawonekedwe akuthupi kuti achepetse kuipitsidwa, kunyozeka, kapena kusintha kwapanthawi yoyendetsa ndi kusungirako, ndikuwonetsetsa kulondola komanso kupangidwanso kwa zotsatira zowunikira.

Malinga ndi zida ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana, Mbale zowunikira madzi za EPA zimagawidwa m'magulu awa:

1. Mbale zamagalasi

• Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito posonkhanitsa zowononga organic chifukwa ndi m'miyezi, samatsatsa mosavuta zinthu zomwe akufuna, ndipo amatha kupirira kutentha kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zisoti zomangira ndi PTFE/silicone gaskets kuti alimbikitse kusindikiza ndi kukhazikika kwamankhwala.

2. Mabotolo a polyethylene

• Kuphatikizirapo polyethylene yokhala ndi kachulukidwe kakang'ono kwambiri komanso zinthu zotsika kachulukidwe ka polyethylene, nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa milingo isanu yazinthu zonyansa monga ma ion zitsulo, mchere wamchere, anions ndi ma cations. Mabotolowa ndi osagwira ntchito komanso opepuka, kuwapangitsa kukhala oyenera kunyamula pamasamba ndikugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri.

3. Mabotolo a Amber

• Ili ndi ntchito yabwino ya shading ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito mwapadera pakuwunika zinthu zomwe sizimva kuwala, zomwe zimatha kuteteza bwino kukhudzidwa kwa mankhwala opangidwa ndi UV kapena kuwonongeka.

4. Mabotolo okhala ndi Teflon

• Oyenera kusanthula mwatsatanetsatane kwambiri, monga kusonkhanitsa zitsulo zolemera kapena zitsanzo zowononga kwambiri. PTFE ili ndi kukana kwamankhwala kwabwino kwambiri komanso kusakhazikika, ndipo sikungafanane ndi zinthu zilizonse, koma ndiyokwera mtengo.

Chilichonse cha Mbale zowunikira madzi za EPA zili ndi kuchuluka kwake komwe kumagwiritsidwira ntchito, kusankha kuyenera kutengera mtundu wa zinthu zoyeserera, mawonekedwe akuthupi ndi mankhwala a chandamale, komanso chithandizo chisanachitike kuti chifanane ndi mtundu wa botolo loyenera komanso zisanachitike chithandizo. Ngati chidebecho sichinasankhidwe bwino, chikhoza kusokoneza deta yoyesera, kapena kuchititsa zitsanzo zowonongeka kapena kufunikira kusonkhanitsanso, zomwe zimakhudza ndondomeko yonse ya polojekiti.

Zofunika Kwambiri Posankha Mabotolo a EPA Water Analysis

Pakuyesa kwamadzi, kusankha mabotolo oyenera owunikira madzi a EPA ndikofunikira kuti muwonetsetse zotsatira zolondola.

1. Mtundu wa chinthu choyesera

Zinthu zosiyanasiyana zoyeserera zimayenderana ndi zofunikira zosiyanasiyana, chifukwa chake gawo loyamba posankha mabotolo a EPA ndikutanthauzira zinthu zoyeserera:

• Kuzindikira zowononga zachilengedwe: monga organic organic compounds, semi-volatile organic compounds, etc., ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito mabotolo agalasi. Zinthu zamagalasi zimalepheretsa kutengeka ndi kusinthika kwa zinthu zakuthupi, ndipo nthawi zambiri ndikofunikira kuti muwonjezere asidi kuti mulepheretse ntchito ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndikuletsa kuwonongeka kwa zomwe mukufuna.
• Kuzindikira kwachitsulo cholemera: monga lead, mercury, cadmium ndi zinthu zina zachitsulo, ziyenera kugwiritsira ntchito mabotolo a polyethylene olemera kwambiri, chifukwa cha kusokoneza kwake kwachitsulo, sikophweka kukopa ayoni zitsulo, ndipo ali ndi kukhazikika kwa mankhwala.
• Kuyeza kwa Microbiological: monga mabakiteriya a coliform, chiwerengero chonse cha koloni, ndi zina zotero, amafunika kugwiritsa ntchito mabotolo apulasitiki osabala, otayidwa, nthawi zambiri PET kapena polypropylene, kuonetsetsa kuti zitsanzozo zisaipitsidwe musanayende.

2. Kusankha zinthu

Makhalidwe azinthu zosiyanasiyana ali ndi mawonekedwe awoawo ndipo amakhudza deta yoyeserera mosiyanasiyana:

• Mabotolo agalasi: kutentha kwambiri kugonjetsedwa, kusungunuka kwa mankhwala, kosavuta kuchitapo kanthu ndi zinthu zakuthupi, zomwe zimasinthidwa kuti zikhale zowunikira. Komabe, kulemera kwake ndi kwakukulu, kosavuta kuswa, zoyendera ziyenera kusamala.
• Mabotolo apulasitiki (polyethylene, polypropylene, etc.): yopepuka, yosavuta kuthyoka, yoyenera kusanthula zambiri za inorganic. Komabe, mapulasitiki ena amatha kukopa zowononga zachilengedwe kapena kutulutsa zonyansa zakumbuyo, zomwe sizoyenera kusanthula organic.

3. Kaya kukonza kusanachitike ndikofunikira

Mbale zowunikira madzi za EPA nthawi zambiri zimafunika kudzazidwa ndi zoteteza kapena mankhwala kuti zisungidwe zokhazikika:

• Zoteteza wamba zimaphatikizapo HCI, HNO₃, ndi NaOH.
• Kuchiza kwapamalo: kumatha kuchepetsa zosintha, koma kumafuna ntchito yokhazikika komanso zina zapamalo.
• Kuchiza kwa labotale: magwiridwe antchito olondola, koma amafunikira mikhalidwe yosungiramo zitsanzo zapamwamba ndipo atha kuyambitsa zosintha panthawi yamayendedwe.

4. Mtundu wa botolo

• Botolo la Brown: Amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa zinthu zomwe sizimva kuwala, monga mankhwala ena ophera tizilombo, zowononga organic, ndi zina zambiri. Imatha kutsekereza cheza cha ultraviolet ndikuchedwetsa kuwonongeka kwa zitsanzo.
• Transparent botolo: oyenera mapulojekiti osakhudzidwa ndi kuwala, osavuta kuwona mtundu wa zitsanzo za madzi, turbidity ndi zinthu zina zakuthupi, koma osavomerezeka kuti azindikire zinthu zowoneka bwino.

5. Kusankha mawu

• Ziyenera kutengera njira yoyesera. Zofunikira za labotale ndi dongosolo la polojekiti kusankha kuchuluka kwa botolo. Zodziwika bwino ndi 40ml, 125ml, 500ml, etc.
• Ntchito zina zimafuna kuti "malo amutu wa mpweya" azisiyidwa kuti awonjezere ma reagents kapena kuteteza kuzizira ndi kufalikira; pomwe ma projekiti ena amafunikira kuti pasakhale malo osiyidwa ndipo botolo lidzadzazidwa ndi mphamvu.

Miyezo ya EPA ndi Zofunikira Zowongolera

Pakuyesa kwamadzi, zotengera zachitsanzo sizimangokhala gawo loyeserera, komanso gawo lofunikira pakuwongolera mosamalitsa malamulo, EPA (US Environmental Protection Agency) m'njira zingapo zoyesera m'mabotolo owunikira madzi kuti afotokozere bwino za mtundu wa kusanthula kwamadzi, zida, ndi kagwiridwe kake kuti zitsimikizire kuti zowunikira zasayansi, kulondola komanso kutsata malamulo.

1. Miyezo yodziwika bwino ya EPA yowunikira madzi ndi zofunikira za botolo lachitsanzo

Pansipa pali njira zingapo zoyeserera za EPA ndi zomwe amafunikira pakuyesa mabotolo:

• EPA 524.2 (VOC test): amafuna kugwiritsa ntchito 40 ml opanda mutu galasi mabotolo ndi PTFE/silicone kusindikiza gaskets, ndi asidi hydrochloric anawonjezera mu botolo monga zotetezera. Botolo liyenera kudzazidwa pamwamba popanda thovu la mpweya kapena voids kuti ma VOC asathawe.
• EPA 200.8 (ICP-MS kuzindikira zinthu zitsulo): Kugwiritsa ntchito bwino kwa mabotolo apulasitiki a HDPE, mabotolo amayenera kuwonjezeredwa ku nitric acid pre-acidification kuti ateteze kutulutsa kwachitsulo.
• EPA 300 mndandanda (ion chromatography kusanthula anions ndi cations): Mabotolo a polypropylene kapena polyethylene angagwiritsidwe ntchito popanda kuwonjezera asidi, mabotolo amafunika kukhala oyera komanso opanda ma ion osokoneza.
• EPA 1600 mndandanda (kuyesa kwa microbiological): imafunika wosabala, mabotolo apulasitiki otayika, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati coliforms okwana, enterococci ndi zizindikiro zina, botolo likhoza kuwonjezeredwa ku mlingo woyenera wa sodium thiosulfate kuti usawononge zotsalira za chlorine.

Muyezo uliwonse uli ndi malamulo okhwima okhudza mtundu wa botolo, voliyumu, kutentha kosungirako ndi nthawi yosungira, ndipo kunyalanyaza chilichonse mwazinthuzi kungayambitse data yolakwika.

2. Zofunikira za Laboratory kuvomerezeka kwa zotengera zotengera zitsanzo

M'malo mwake, ma laboratories ambiri a chipani chachitatu amafuna kuvomerezedwa mwapadera, monga:

• NELAC (National Environmental Laboratory Accreditation Conference): imafuna kuti zotengera zakuyesa, njira zotsatsira, ndi njira zosungira zigwirizane ndi EPA kapena miyezo ya dziko, ndikuti mndandanda wathunthu wa zitsanzo ulembedwe.
• TS EN ISO/IEC 17025 (Zofunikira Pazonse Zofunikira Pakukwanitsa Kuyesa ndi Ma Calibration Laboratories): ikugogomezera kutsatiridwa, kasamalidwe kovomerezeka ka zida zachitsanzo ndi zolemba zomwe zikugwiritsidwa ntchito, komanso kukhazikitsidwa kwa SOPs (Njira Zomwe Zimagwira Ntchito) posankha ziwiya, kuyeretsa ndi kusunga.

Ma laboratories omwe adapereka ziphasozi akuyenera kukhala ndi njira yoyendetsera zosonkhanitsira zitsanzo, ndipo kusankha ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mabotolo a zitsanzo kuyenera kulembedwa pakuwunika kwamkati kapena kunja.

3. Zomwe zimagwira ntchito potsatira malamulo

Kusankha EPA yolondola yowunikira madzi m'mabotolo oundana mosamalitsa kutsatira malamulo sikuti kumangokwaniritsa zofunikira za labotale kapena pulogalamu, komanso kumagwirizana mwachindunji ndi izi:

• Onetsetsani kuti data yoyeserera ndiyovomerezeka mwasayansi komanso mwalamulo: Njira zotsatiridwa ndi malamulo zotsatirira ndi kusunga ndi maziko owunikira deta kuti izindikiridwe ndi madipatimenti aboma, makhothi kapena anthu.
• Kupititsa ndemanga za polojekiti ndi kufufuza kwabwino: Makamaka pakuwunika momwe chilengedwe chikuyendera, zilolezo zotulutsa mpweya, kuvomereza chilengedwe, ndi zina zotero, kugwiritsa ntchito mokhazikika kwa mabotolo a zitsanzo kungapewe kubwezeredwa kapena kuyesedwanso chifukwa chosatsatira.
• Pewani zinyalala za zitsanzo ndi chiopsezo chosonkhanitsidwanso: Chitsanzo chikapezeka kuti ndi chosavomerezeka, chiyenera kusonkhanitsidwanso, chomwe sichimangochedwetsa kupita patsogolo, komanso kumawonjezera mtengo wa ntchito, zipangizo ndi zoyendera.

Kusamala mu Ntchito Yopanga

Ngakhale mabotolo osanthula madzi a EPA atasankhidwa omwe amakwaniritsa miyezo ya EPA, kusagwira bwino pakuyesa, kusungirako, ndi zoyendera kungayambitsebe kuipitsidwa kwa zitsanzo, kuwonongeka, kapena kusavomerezeka kwa data. Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kuyang'anitsitsa tsatanetsatane uliwonse kuti muwonetsetse kukhulupirika kwachitsanzo komanso kutsimikizika kwa zotsatira za mayeso.

1. Kufufuza kosindikiza kapu

Kusindikiza kwa Mbale zowunikira madzi za EPA kumakhudzana mwachindunji ndi ngati chitsanzocho chidzasungunuka, kudontha, kapena kuchitapo kanthu poyamwa chinyezi panthawi ya alumali:

• Musanatenge sampuli, kapu iyenera kufufuzidwa kuti muwone ngati kapu ikugwirizana mwamphamvu ndi pakamwa pa botolo, komanso ngati pali mapindikidwe, kusweka kapena kukalamba.
• Kuti muzindikire zinthu zomwe zimasokonekera komanso zinthu zina zokhudzidwa kwambiri, ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito kapu yosindikizira yokhala ndi ulusi wa PTFE/silicone, kulimbitsa ndikuwongolera cheke kuti muwonetsetse kuti palibe kutayikira.
• Chophimbacho chiyenera kutsekedwa mwamsanga pambuyo pomaliza kutsatiridwa kuti zisawonongeke kwa nthawi yaitali.

2. Njira zopewera kuipitsidwa

Opaleshoni iliyonse yopanda ukhondo imatha kuyambitsa zosokoneza zakumbuyo zomwe zingakhudze kuyambika kwa zitsanzo, makamaka zovuta pakuwunika kapena kuzindikira tizilombo tating'onoting'ono:

• Gwiritsani ntchito magolovesi otayika pachitsanzo chilichonse ndikusintha botolo musanasewere kuti mupewe kuipitsidwa.
• Gwiritsani ntchito zida zapadera zochitira zisankho (mwachitsanzo, ndodo zotengera zitsanzo, mapampu opangira sampuli, ndi zina zotero) ndi kuyeretsa kapena kuzisintha bwino pakati pa potengerapo.
• Pazitsanzo zomwe zimafunikira kupangira mankhwala pamalowo, gwiritsani ntchito ma pipette kapena mbale zodzaza ndi zoteteza kuti musatenge mpweya kwa nthawi yayitali.

3. Zitsanzo zotetezedwa ndi zoyendera

Zitsanzo zamadzi zimatha kusintha, kuwonongeka kapena kulephera ngati sizikusungidwa kapena kunyamulidwa bwino kuyambira nthawi yosonkhanitsa mpaka nthawi yoyesera:

• Kuteteza kutentha: Mbale zambiri za EPA zowunikira madzi zimafunikira kusungidwa mufiriji pa 4 ℃, ndipo nthawi zambiri zimanyamulidwa mubokosi lafiriji kapena paketi ya ayezi; Zitsanzo za microbiological ziyenera kuyendetsedwa mosamalitsa kutentha ndikuwunikidwa mkati mwa maola 6.
• Nthawi yosungira: Zinthu zosiyanasiyana zimakhala ndi nthawi yosiyana kwambiri yosungirako, mwachitsanzo masiku 14 a ma VOC, maola 48 amchere amchere, ndi mpaka miyezi 6 pazitsulo zolemera (panthawi ya acidification isanakwane).
• Kulemba kwa Container: Botolo lililonse lachitsanzo liyenera kulembedwa chizindikiro cha nambala ya kusamutsidwa kusonyeza nthawi ndi malo a chitsanzo, dzina la chinthucho, ndi njira yosungiramo kuti zisasokoneze chisokonezo.
• Zolemba zamayendedwe: Ndibwino kuti mugwiritse ntchito chitsanzo ndi oh ah pick-up sheet kuti mulembe ndondomeko yonse ya chitsanzo kuchokera kusonkhanitsa kupita ku labotale kuti mukwaniritse zosowa za kayendetsedwe ka khalidwe ndi kufufuza.

Zitsanzo za Zolakwika Zodziwika ndi Zolakwika

Mu ntchito yeniyeni yowunika momwe madzi alili, chifukwa chosadziwa kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka mabotolo a zitsanzo, nthawi zambiri pamakhala zovuta zina zomwe zimawoneka zazing'ono koma zazikulu pazotsatira za cholakwikacho. M'munsimu muli mikangano ingapo ndi zotsatira zake, kuti muwafotokozere komanso chenjezo.

1. Kuyipitsidwa kwachitsanzo kapena kutsatsa chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zolakwika

• Ngati mabotolo wamba apulasitiki amagwiritsidwa ntchito kusonkhanitsa zitsanzo za VOC, mabotolo apulasitiki (makamaka PVC kapena polyethylene yotsika kwambiri) amakonda kudsorption kapena kulowerera kwa zoipitsa za organic, zomwe zimapangitsa kuchepa kwa chandamale komanso kutsika mtengo kapenanso kosazindikirika. Mabotolo agalasi oyendetsedwa ndi EPA okhala ndi mitu yopanda mpweya ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito, okhala ndi PTFE/silicone gaskets mu cap liner kuonetsetsa kusakhazikika kwamankhwala ndi kusindikiza.

2. Kunyalanyaza zotsatira za photosensitivity kumabweretsa kuwonongeka kwa zitsanzo

• Ngati mabotolo agalasi owonekera amagwiritsidwa ntchito kusonkhanitsa zitsanzo zotsalira za mankhwala ndipo amayang'aniridwa ndi kuwala kwa dzuwa kwa nthawi yaitali pambuyo pa sampuli, zinthu zina zamoyo monga mankhwala ophera tizilombo, PAHs, ndi zinthu za nitroaromatic zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kuwala, ndipo zimatha kuwola ndikusintha pansi pa kuwala, zomwe zimapangitsa zotsatira zolakwika. Pazinthu zopanga zithunzi, mabotolo abulauni ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito potengera zitsanzo, ndipo zitsanzozo ziyenera kusungidwa mofulumira ndi kutetezedwa ku kuwala pambuyo pa zitsanzo, komanso kuwala kwa dzuwa kuyeneranso kupeŵedwa paulendo.

3. Palibe zoteteza kapena zosayenera zosungirako, kuwonongeka kwa zitsanzo

• Ngati ammonia nayitrogeni zitsanzo anasonkhanitsidwa popanda zoteteza ndi firiji kwa maola 24 asanatumizidwe kuyezetsa. Pa kutentha kwa chipinda, tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timene timatulutsa ammonia nitrogen m'madzi mofulumira kapena kusandulika kukhala mitundu ina, zomwe zimapangitsa kusintha kwa ammonia nitrogen ndikulepheretsa zotsatira za mayesero. Zitsanzo ziyenera kukhala acidified powonjezera sulfuric acid kapena hydrochloric acid mwamsanga pambuyo pa kusonkhanitsa kuti aletse ntchito ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndikusamutsidwa mufiriji pa 4 ° C kuti atsimikizire kuti atumizidwa kukayezetsa mkati mwa nthawi yotchulidwa.

Malingaliro olakwika awa ambiri amatikumbutsa kuti kusankha bwino EPA kusanthula Mbale zamadzi ndi sitepe yoyamba yokha, ndipo chofunika kwambiri, ntchito yokhazikika ya ndondomeko yonseyi ndi tsatanetsatane wa kayendetsedwe kake, pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti deta yoyesa madzi ndi yowona komanso yodalirika, ndi zovomerezeka zalamulo ndi zamakono.

Mapeto

Poyang'anira ubwino wa madzi, Mbale zowunikira madzi za EPA, ngakhale zili ndi chidebe chaching'ono, zimagwira ntchito yofunikira pakuyesa ndi kusanthula konse. Kusankha mabotolo owunikira madzi a EPA ndikofunikira kuti zitsimikizire kulondola kwa data, kutsata komanso kutsata malamulo.

Pokhapokha pamaziko a kusankha koyenera kwa mabotolo a zitsanzo, ophatikizidwa ndi njira zoyendetsera ntchito (monga kugwiritsa ntchito zotetezera, kusungirako kutali ndi kuwala, zoyendera firiji, ndi zina zotero), zomwe zingachepetse kusintha kwa kusonkhanitsa, kusungirako ndi kunyamula zitsanzo, kuonetsetsa kuti zotsatira zomaliza zoyesedwa ndi zoona, zodalirika komanso zovomerezeka mwalamulo.

Kuphatikiza apo, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti gawo lililonse likonzekere maphunziro a maso kwa oyesa kuwongolera kumvetsetsa ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa miyezo ya EPA ndi mafotokozedwe ogwiritsira ntchito botolo lachitsanzo, kuti tipewe mavuto monga kukumbanso migodi, kulepheretsa deta kapena kulephera kwa kafukufuku chifukwa cha zolakwika zogwirira ntchito, motero kuwongolera bwino ukatswiri ndi mtundu wa ntchito yowunikira madzi.