Chiyambi

Mabotolo a scintillation amajambula zizindikiro za kuwala zomwe zimapangidwa ndi kusonkhezera tinthu ta radioactive pogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo za fluorescent, zomwe mfundo yaikulu yake imachokera pa kuyanjana kwa ma radiation a ionizing ndi zinthu. Kuyambira pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1900, akhala maziko a kafukufuku wa nyukiliya, zamankhwala ndi zachilengedwe chifukwa cha kukhudzidwa kwawo kwambiri komanso kudziwika bwino. Mwachikhalidwe, akhala akulepheretsedwa m'zida zamakono m'ma laboratories kuti azitha kusanthula bwino komanso kuchuluka kwa ma radioisotopes.

Mabotolo oyambirira a scintillation anali ochepa chifukwa cha kukula kwawo kwakukulu, zovuta komanso mtengo wake wokwera, ndipo ankagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka m'ma laboratories apadera.Komabe, m'zaka zaposachedwapa, kupangidwa kwa zida zoyesera za semiconductor zazing'ono, kupita patsogolo kwa zipangizo zatsopano za scintillator, ndi kuphatikiza kwa owerenga onyamulika kwathandiza kwambiri kuti kuzindikira kukhale kogwira mtima komanso kosavuta kunyamula.

Mfundo Zaukadaulo Zazikulu za Mabotolo Oyeretsera Madzi

1. Njira zogwirira ntchito zapakati

Kugwirizana kwa zinthu zowala ndi zinthu zowala: Pamene zinthu zowononga mphamvu (monga alpha, beta kapena gamma rays) zilowa m'mabotolo a scintillation, zimalumikizana ndi zinthu zowala (scintillator) mkati mwa botolo. Kuyanjana kumeneku kumabweretsa kukwiya kwa mamolekyu kapena maatomu muzinthu zowala ndipo pambuyo pake ma photon amatulutsidwa panthawi yochotsa kukwiya, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kuwala kuwonekere.

Zipangizo Zowerengera: PMT (Photomultiplier Tube) ndi chipangizo chowunikira zithunzi chomwe chimatha kusintha ma siginecha ofooka kukhala ma siginecha amagetsi, omwe amakulitsidwanso ndi amplifier circuit kuti pomaliza pake atulutse ma siginecha amagetsi oyezeka. Koma ma siginecha a silicon photodetector ndi mtundu wa chipangizo chowunikira zithunzi chomwe chimagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa semiconductor, chomwe chimatha kusintha ma siginecha a kuwala kukhala ma siginecha amagetsi okhala ndi mphamvu zambiri za quantum komanso phokoso lochepa.

2. Zizindikiro zazikulu za magwiridwe antchito

Kugwira ntchito kwa ma scintillation vials kumayesedwa ndi zizindikiro zingapo zofunika:

Kuzindikira (Malire a Kuzindikira)): Kuzindikira ndi ntchito yotsika kwambiri yomwe ingathe kuzindikirika ndi ma vial a scintillation. Kuzindikira kwakukulu, kuchuluka kwa zinthu zowononga zomwe zitha kuzindikirika ku Europe kumachepa. Kuzindikira kumakhudzidwa ndi kuwala kwa zinthu zowala, mphamvu ya quantum ya photodetector komanso kuchuluka kwa phokoso la dongosolo.

Kuthetsa mphamvu: Mphamvu yowunikira ndi luso la ma vial owunikira kusiyanitsa tinthu ta radioactive tosiyanasiyana. Mphamvu yowunikira ikakwera, tinthu ta radioactive tosiyanasiyana tomwe timazindikira bwino timatha kuzindikirika ndikusiyanitsidwa. Mphamvu yowunikira imadalira makamaka mphamvu ya kuwala kwa zinthu za fluorescent, magwiridwe antchito a chowunikira, komanso mtundu wa dera loyendetsera zizindikiro.

Kukhazikika: Kukhazikika kumatanthauza kuthekera kwa ma botolo a scintillation kusunga magwiridwe antchito nthawi yayitali. Ma botolo a scintillation okhazikika amatha kusunga zotsatira zofanana pansi pa mikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana ya chilengedwe. Kukhazikika kumakhudzidwa ndi kukhazikika kwa mankhwala a zinthu za fluorescent, mawonekedwe okalamba a chowunikira kuwala, ndi zinthu zachilengedwe (monga kutentha, chinyezi).

Kugwirizana kwa Zinthu: Mabotolo oyezera kutentha ayenera kugwirizana ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zitsanzo, kuphatikizapo zitsanzo zamadzimadzi, zolimba ndi za gasi. Kugwirizana kwa zinthu kumadalira zinthu zomwe zili m'mabotolo oyezera kutentha (monga galasi kapena pulasitiki) komanso kapangidwe ka zinthu zowala. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zitsanzo ingafunike mapangidwe osiyanasiyana a mabotolo oyezera kutentha ndi kusankha zinthu.

Mfundo yaikulu yaukadaulo ya ma vial a scintillation imachokera pa kuyanjana kwa zinthu za fluorescent ndi zinthu zotulutsa ma radioactive, zomwe zimayesedwa posintha ma signali optical kukhala ma signali amagetsi kudzera mu photomultiplier tube Shanghai silicon photodetectors. Zizindikiro zazikulu za magwiridwe antchito zimaphatikizapo kukhudzidwa, mphamvu yowoneka bwino, kukhazikika komanso kugwirizana kwa zinthu, zomwe pamodzi zimatsimikiza kuthekera kozindikira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ma vial a scintillation.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mosiyanasiyana Kuchokera ku Laboratory Kupita ku Kuyang'anira Zachilengedwe

Mabotolo oyezera kuwala, monga chida chothandiza kwambiri chodziwira ma radioactivity, amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'magawo osiyanasiyana, kuyambira kafukufuku woyambira wa labotale mpaka kuyang'anira chilengedwe, mpaka ntchito zamafakitale ndi chitetezo, komanso mpaka madera omwe akutukuka kumene.

1. Kafukufuku woyambira wa labotale

Kusanthula kwa nyukiliyasi: Amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa kuchuluka kwa ma isotope a alpha, beta ndi gamma ray monga tritium (H-3) ndi carbon-14 (C-14). Amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa molondola ntchito ya ma radioisotope m'magawo monga nyukiliya physics ndi geological date.

Maphunziro a kagayidwe ka mankhwala: Kutsata njira za kagayidwe kachakudya ndi kufalikira kwa mankhwala m'zamoyo kudzera mu mankhwala olembedwa ndi radiolabel (monga mankhwala olembedwa ndi C-14). Amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu maphunziro a pharmacology ndi toxicology kuti aone momwe mankhwala amayamwidwira, kufalikira, kagayidwe kachakudya ndi kutulutsa (ADME) kwa mankhwala.

Kuyesa chitetezo cha chakudya: kufufuza mwachangu zinthu zodetsa poizoni m'chakudya; kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuonetsetsa kuti chakudya chili bwino pambuyo pa ngozi za nyukiliya kapena m'malo omwe ali ndi poizoni wambiri.

2. Malo owunikira zachilengedwe

Kuyang'anira malo osungira madziKuzindikira ma radionuclide m'madzi akumwa ndi madzi otayira m'mafakitale kumagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa kuchuluka kwa kuipitsidwa kwa madzi m'madzi ndikuwonetsetsa kuti ubwino wa madzi ukukwaniritsa miyezo yachitetezo.

Nthaka ndi mlengalenga: Kutsata kufalikira kwa ma radiation fallout pambuyo pa ngozi ya nyukiliya, kuyang'anira kuchuluka kwa ma radionuclide m'nthaka ndi mlengalenga, ndikuwunika momwe chilengedwe chidzakhalirenso.

Zitsanzo za zamoyo: Kusanthula kuchuluka kwa zitsulo zolemera kapena zinthu zowopsa m'thupi la zomera ndi nyama. Kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu maphunziro a ecotoxicology kuti awone momwe kuipitsidwa kwa radioactive kumakhudzira zachilengedwe.

3. Ntchito zamafakitale ndi chitetezo

Kuyesa kosawononga: kuyang'anira kutuluka kwa zinthu zotulutsa ma radiation m'zida zamafakitale. Zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale amagetsi a nyukiliya, mankhwala a petrochemical, ndi zina zotero, poyesa chitetezo ndi umphumphu wa zida.

Chitetezo cha kuwala kwa dzuwa: imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chothandizira pa ma dosimeter aumwini kuti iwunikire mlingo wa ma radiation womwe antchito amalandira. M'malo opangira zida za nyukiliya, m'madipatimenti a radiology kuchipatala ndi m'malo ena kuti zitsimikizire kuti ma radiation ndi otetezeka.

Kuyankha Mwadzidzidzi: poyesa mwachangu kuchuluka kwa ma radiation pakagwa ngozi ya nyukiliya kapena kutayikira kwa zinthu zowononga ma radiation. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyang'anira ma radiation ndikuthandizira pothana ndi mavuto m'malo omwe pakagwa ngozi.

4. Madera omwe akutukuka kumene

Zamankhwala: Kutsimikizira kwa ma radiolabel kuti athandize kuchiza khansa kuti zitsimikizire kuti mankhwala akuyang'aniridwa bwino komanso kuti agwire bwino ntchito. Mu chithandizo cha radioisotope, kutsatira kufalikira kwa mankhwala ndi kagayidwe kake ka thupi.

Zinthu zina: kuphunzira momwe tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta nanoti timagwira ntchito pozindikira ma radioactivity kuti tiwongolere kuzindikira ndi kugwira ntchito bwino. Pangani zipangizo zatsopano za nano-scintillator kuti zizindikire ma radioactivity molondola kwambiri.

Kufufuza mlengalenga: pozindikira kuwala kwa mlengalenga ndi kuphunzira zotsatira za kuwala kwa mlengalenga pa zombo ndi a m'mlengalenga. Unikani momwe zinthu zotetezera kuwala kwa mlengalenga zimagwirira ntchito kuti muwonetsetse kuti ntchito za mlengalenga ndi zotetezeka.

Kugwiritsa ntchito kwa ma vial a scintillation m'njira zosiyanasiyana kumakhudza zochitika zosiyanasiyana kuyambira kafukufuku woyambira wa labotale mpaka kuyang'anira chilengedwe, ntchito zamafakitale ndi chitetezo, ndi madera omwe akutuluka. Kuzindikira kwawo kwakukulu, kulondola kwawo, komanso kuyanjana kwawo kumapangitsa kuti akhale chida chofunikira kwambiri chodziwira ma radioactivity, zomwe zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakufufuza zasayansi, kuteteza chilengedwe, chitetezo chamafakitale komanso chitukuko chaukadaulo watsopano.

Zatsopano za Ukadaulo Zimayendetsa Ntchito Zambiri

Mabotolo opangidwa ndi zinthu zambiri zoyezera kutentha sangakonzedwe popanda kupititsa patsogolo luso lamakono, makamaka mu sayansi ya zinthu zakuthupi, kukweza mwanzeru ndi kukhazikika kwa zinthu, komanso kuthandizira pa malamulo.

1. Kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi ya zinthu

Zipangizo zatsopano za scintillator: cesium iodide yopangidwa ndi thallium, scintillators zochokera ku lutetium, organic scintillators, nano-scintillators, ndi zina zotero, zomwe zingathandize kuchepetsa kukhudzidwa kwa zinthu, kuchepetsa malire ozindikira, kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu, kukulitsa nthawi ya zida, kulimbitsa kukhazikika kwa zinthu, komanso kusintha kuti zigwirizane ndi malo ovuta (monga kutentha kwambiri, chinyezi chambiri).

2. Kusintha mwanzeru

Ma algorithms anzeru opangira kuti athandize kusanthula deta: ma algorithms ophunzirira makina amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuzindikira mitundu ya nuclide yokha, kukulitsa kulondola ndi magwiridwe antchito a kusanthula deta. Konzani kukonza kwa zizindikiro kudzera mu zitsanzo zophunzirira mozama kuti muchepetse kusokoneza phokoso, kukulitsa kulondola kozindikira, ndikukwaniritsa kusanthula mwachangu ndi kuwerengera zitsanzo zosakanikirana za nuclide zambiri.

Pulatifomu yamtambo ndi ukadaulo wa IoT: pangani nsanja yogawana deta nthawi yeniyeni kuti mupeze netiweki yowunikira ma radioactivity padziko lonse lapansi. Thandizani kuyang'anira zachilengedwe kwakukulu komanso kuyankha mwadzidzidzi kudzera mu kuyang'anira kutali ndi kusanthula deta, ndikupereka zida zowonetsera deta kuti zithandize opanga zisankho kumvetsetsa mwachangu kufalikira kwa ma radiation ndi zomwe zikuchitika.

(Ubwino: Kupititsa patsogolo kugwiritsa ntchito deta bwino ndikuchepetsa kulowererapo kwa anthu; kukwaniritsa kuyang'anira patali ndi machenjezo achangu nthawi yomweyo, ndikupititsa patsogolo kuthekera koyankha mwadzidzidzi; kulimbikitsa mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi ndi kugawana deta, ndikulimbikitsa kafukufuku wasayansi ndi chitukuko chaukadaulo.)

Kupanga zinthu zatsopano pa ukadaulo ndiye chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimapangitsa kuti ma vial a scintillation agwire ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi ya zinthu ndi zida zatsopano za scintillator kwathandiza kwambiri kuzindikira zinthu; kusintha kwanzeru kwapangitsa kuti kusanthula deta kukhale kogwira mtima komanso kolondola. Zatsopanozi sizimangowonjezera momwe ma vial a scintillation amagwiritsidwira ntchito, komanso zimalimbikitsa chitukuko chonse cha ukadaulo wozindikira ma radioactivity, kupereka chithandizo champhamvu pa kafukufuku wasayansi, kuteteza chilengedwe ndi chitetezo cha nyukiliya.

Mavuto ndi Mayankho

Mabotolo opangidwa ndi scintillation akukumana ndi mavuto ambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri, kuphatikizapo mavuto a mtengo, zovuta zogwirira ntchito, komanso chithandizo cha zitsanzo zisanachitike. Poyankha mavutowa, makampaniwa apereka njira zosiyanasiyana zothetsera vutoli kuti apititse patsogolo chitukuko ndi kutchuka kwa ukadaulo.

1. Nkhani zomwe zilipo

Zokwera mtengot: Ndalama zambiri zofufuzira ndi chitukuko pazida zazing'ono komanso zipangizo zogwira ntchito bwino zimaletsa kufalikira kwakukulu. Zipangizo zoyesera zovuta kwambiri ndizokwera mtengo ndipo zimakhala zovuta kuziphatikiza m'malo omwe ali ndi zinthu zochepa kapena m'ma laboratories ang'onoang'ono ndi apakatikati.

Kuvuta kwa ntchito: Zipangizo zozindikira za radiology nthawi zambiri zimafuna anthu apadera kuti azigwira ntchito ndikusamalira, zomwe zimawonjezera malire ogwiritsira ntchito. Njira zovuta zogwiritsira ntchito zitsanzo ndi kusanthula deta zimayika zofunikira kwambiri paukadaulo kwa anthu omwe si akatswiri.

Zitsanzo zoletsa chithandizo chisanachitikeZitsanzo zina (monga dothi, minofu ya zamoyo) zimafuna chithandizo chambiri komanso chovuta (monga kusungunuka, kusefa, kukhutitsa), zomwe zimawonjezera nthawi yoyesera komanso mtengo. Njira zochizira zisanachitike zitha kuyambitsa zolakwika zomwe zingakhudze kulondola kwa zotsatira za mayeso.

2. Njira zoyankhira

Kupanga masensa pang'ono komanso kotsika mtengo: Kupanga zida zoyesera zazing'ono, zonyamulika pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wophatikizidwa kuti muchepetse ndalama zopangira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu. Fufuzani zipangizo zatsopano zotsika mtengo zoyezera ndi zowunikira zithunzi kuti mulowe m'malo mwa zida zodula zachikhalidwe. Pangani zida zoyesera kukhala kapangidwe ka modular kuti zithandize kukonza ndi kukweza, ndikuchepetsa ndalama zogwiritsira ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali.

Kapangidwe ka mawonekedwe kosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito komanso kukonza njira zokha: Pangani njira zolumikizirana ndi ogwiritsa ntchito zomwe zimapereka chitsogozo chogwirira ntchito komanso mayankho enieni kuti achepetse kugwiritsa ntchito mosavuta. Kuphatikiza ntchito zoyendetsera zitsanzo zokha komanso kusanthula deta kumachepetsa kulowererapo pamanja ndikuwonjezera magwiridwe antchito a mayeso. Amagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wanzeru zopanga kuti apereke upangiri wogwirira ntchito komanso kuthetsa mavuto kuti athandize anthu omwe si akatswiri kuyamba mwachangu.

Zatsopano zophatikizidwa muukadaulo wokonzekera zinthu zisanachitike: kupanga mayeso omwe safuna kukonzedwa movutikira (monga kuyeza mwachindunji zitsanzo zolimba kapena za mpweya), kupangitsa kuti ntchito iyende bwino. Kuphatikiza njira zochizira zitsanzo mu zida zodziwira kuti zidziwike bwino. Pangani njira zochizira zitsanzo bwino (monga kugaya mu microwave, kuchotsa ma ultrasound) kuti mufupikitse nthawi yochizira isanakwane.

Ngakhale kuti ma vial a scintillation akukumana ndi mavuto pakugwiritsa ntchito monga mtengo, zovuta zogwirira ntchito komanso zitsanzo zochizira zisanachitike, mavutowa akuthetsedwa pang'onopang'ono kudzera mu miniaturization ndi chitukuko cha masensa otsika mtengo, mapangidwe osavuta kugwiritsa ntchito a sister-you, komanso zatsopano zophatikizidwa muukadaulo wochizira zisanachitike. Njira zothanirana ndi vutoli sizimangochepetsa malire aukadaulo, komanso zimathandizira kuzindikira bwino komanso kulondola. M'tsogolomu, ndi kupita patsogolo kwina muukadaulo, ma vial a scintillation adzakhala ndi gawo lofunikira m'malo oyenera.

Chiyembekezo cha Mtsogolo

Mabotolo opangidwa ndi scintillation, monga chida chofunikira chodziwira ma radioactivity, adzabweretsa mwayi watsopano wopititsa patsogolo luso lamakono komanso kuthekera kogwiritsa ntchito mtsogolo.

1. Zochitika zaukadaulo

Kuzindikira kwamitundu yambiri: Pangani zida zomwe zimagwirizanitsa masensa a mankhwala ndi ntchito zozindikira ma radioactivity kuti zikwaniritse kuzindikira nthawi imodzi zinthu za mankhwala ndi ma radionuclide mu zitsanzo. Kukulitsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ntchito kudzera muukadaulo wozindikira zinthu zambiri pakuwunika chilengedwe, chitetezo cha chakudya ndi ntchito zamankhwala.

2. Kuthekera kogwiritsa ntchito

Kuyang'anira chisanu cha polar potengera kusintha kwa nyengo padziko lonse lapansi: kuphunzira momwe kusintha kwa nyengo kumakhudzira kusungunuka kwa chisanu ndi kunyamulira zinthu zodetsa mwa kupeza ma radionuclide m'madzi oundana a chisanu. Pogwiritsa ntchito deta yopezera ma radionuclide, momwe kusintha kwa nyengo padziko lonse lapansi kumakhudzira zachilengedwe za chisanu kudzayesedwa, kupereka maziko asayansi a mfundo zoteteza chilengedwe.

Thandizo la zachuma lozungulira pa chitukuko chokhazikika cha mphamvu za nyukiliya: Kupanga ukadaulo wozindikira mphamvu yamagetsi kuti muyeze molondola ndikuyang'anira ma radionuclide m'zinyalala za nyukiliya kuti muthandizire kubwezeretsanso zinyalala za nyukiliya. Kuyang'anira nthawi yeniyeni kufalikira ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zowopsa panthawi ya mafuta a nyukiliya kumatsimikizira chitetezo ndi kukhazikika kwa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu za nyukiliya.

Mtsogolomu, ma scintillation vials adzawonjezera luso lawo lozindikira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito, motsogozedwa ndi njira zamakono monga kuzindikira zinthu zambiri. Pakadali pano, pankhani ya kuthekera kogwiritsa ntchito monga kuyang'anira chisanu cha polar ndi chitukuko chokhazikika cha mphamvu ya nyukiliya, ma scintillation vials adzapereka chithandizo chofunikira pa kafukufuku wa kusintha kwa nyengo padziko lonse lapansi komanso chuma chozungulira cha mphamvu ya nyukiliya. Ndi kupita patsogolo kosalekeza kwa ukadaulo, ma scintillation vials adzakhala ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri m'magawo ambiri ndikupereka zopereka zazikulu pakufufuza kwasayansi ndi kuteteza chilengedwe.

Mapeto

Mabotolo oyezera kuwala, monga chida chofunikira choyesera ma radiography, pang'onopang'ono asintha kuchoka pa chiyambi chake chotsika ngati chida chimodzi cha labotale kupita ku chida chofunikira kwambiri m'magawo osiyanasiyana.

Kupanga kwa ma scintillation vials kukuwonetsa mphamvu ya luso lamakono komanso mgwirizano pakati pa magulu osiyanasiyana, ndipo kusintha kuchoka pa chida chimodzi cha labotale kukhala chida chofunikira kwambiri m'magawo osiyanasiyana kukuwonetsa kufunika kwake kofunikira mu kafukufuku wasayansi ndi ntchito zothandiza. M'tsogolomu, ndi kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo komanso kufalikira kosalekeza kwa zochitika zogwiritsidwa ntchito, ma scintillation vials adzakhala ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pachitetezo cha nyukiliya padziko lonse lapansi, kayendetsedwe ka chilengedwe komanso chitukuko chokhazikika.