Chiyambi

Mabotolo a Headspace ndi ziwiya za zitsanzo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu kusanthula kwa gasi chromatography (GC), zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka poyika zitsanzo za gasi kapena zamadzimadzi kuti zikwaniritse kunyamula ndi kusanthula kokhazikika kwa zitsanzo kudzera mu dongosolo lotsekedwa. Kapangidwe kake kabwino kotseka ndi kusagwira ntchito kwa mankhwala ndikofunikira kuti zitsimikizire kulondola ndi kubwerezabwereza kwa zotsatira zowunikira.

Mu zoyeserera za tsiku ndi tsiku, mabotolo okhala ndi mutu nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zinthu zogwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi imodzi. Ngakhale izi zimathandiza kuchepetsa kuipitsidwa kwa zinthu zina, zimawonjezeranso mtengo wa ntchito za labotale, makamaka pogwiritsira ntchito zitsanzo zambiri komanso pafupipafupi poyesa. Kuphatikiza apo, kugwiritsa ntchito magalasi nthawi imodzi kumabweretsa zinyalala zambiri zagalasi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti labotale ikhale yolimba.

Kapangidwe ka Zinthu ndi Kapangidwe ka Mbale za Headspace

Mabotolo okhala ndi mutu nthawi zambiri amapangidwa ndi galasi la borosilicate lolimba kwambiri, losatentha kwambiri, lomwe ndi lopanda mankhwala komanso lokhazikika pa kutentha mokwanira kuti lipirire mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zosungunulira zachilengedwe, malo odyetserako kutentha kwambiri, komanso malo ogwirira ntchito omwe ali ndi mphamvu zambiri.Mwachidziwitso, galasi la borosilicate lili ndi kuthekera koyeretsa bwino ndikugwiritsanso ntchito, koma nthawi yake yeniyeni imakhala yochepa chifukwa cha zinthu monga kuwonongeka kwa kapangidwe kake ndi zotsalira za kuipitsidwa.

Dongosolo lotsekera ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pakugwira ntchito kwa ma vial okhala ndi mutu ndipo nthawi zambiri limakhala ndi chivundikiro cha aluminiyamu kapena chotchingira. Chivundikiro cha aluminiyamu chimapanga kutseka kwa mpweya pakamwa pa botolo pogwiritsa ntchito gland kapena ulusi, pomwe chotchingira chimapereka mwayi wolowera singano ndikuletsa kutuluka kwa mpweya. Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti ngakhale thupi la vial yagalasi limasunga kapangidwe kake koyambira pambuyo potsuka kangapo, chotchingira nthawi zambiri chimakhala gawo lotayidwa ndipo chimatha kutaya kutseka ndi kutayika kwa zinthu pambuyo pobowoka, zomwe zimakhudza kudalirika kogwiritsanso ntchito. Chifukwa chake, poyesa kugwiritsanso ntchito, chotchingira nthawi zambiri chimafunika kusinthidwa, pomwe chotchingira chimagwiritsidwanso ntchito cha ma vial agalasi ndi zotchingira za aluminiyamu ziyenera kuyesedwa ngati zili bwino komanso kuti zitha kusunga mpweya wokwanira.

Kuphatikiza apo, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mabotolo malinga ndi kukula, kupanga pamodzi. Pakhoza kukhala kusiyana pang'ono pakupanga kwa mkamwa wa mabotolo, ndi zina zotero, zomwe zingakhudze kuyanjana ndi mabotolo a autosampler, kukwanira kwa chisindikizo, ndi mkhalidwe wotsalira pambuyo poyeretsa. Chifukwa chake, popanga pulogalamu yoyeretsa ndikugwiritsanso ntchito, kutsimikizira kokhazikika kuyenera kuchitika pazifukwa zenizeni za mabotolo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti zitsimikizire kukhazikika ndi kudalirika kwa deta.

Kusanthula Kotheka Koyeretsa

1. Njira zoyeretsera

Mabotolo a Headspace amatsukidwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo magulu awiri akuluakulu: kuyeretsa ndi manja ndi kuyeretsa zokha. Kuyeretsa ndi manja nthawi zambiri kumakhala koyenera pokonza zinthu zazing'ono, kugwiritsa ntchito mosavuta, nthawi zambiri pogwiritsa ntchito burashi ya botolo lothira reagent, kutsuka ndi madzi oyenda komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala othira reagent m'njira zambiri. Komabe, chifukwa njira yotsukira imadalira kugwiritsa ntchito ndi manja, pali chiopsezo chakuti kubwerezabwereza ndi zotsatira zake zotsukira zingakhale zosakhazikika.

Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, zipangizo zoyeretsera zokha zimatha kusintha kwambiri ntchito yoyeretsa komanso kusinthasintha kwake. Kuyeretsa pogwiritsa ntchito ma ultrasound kumapanga ma thovu ang'onoang'ono kudzera mu kugwedezeka kwamphamvu, komwe kumatha kuchotsa bwino zotsalira zomwe zimamatira ku chitetezo, ndipo ndikoyenera kwambiri kugwira ntchito ndi zotsalira zomatira kwambiri kapena zotsalira zachilengedwe.

Kusankha chotsukira kumakhudza kwambiri zotsatira za kuyeretsa. Zotsukira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri zimaphatikizapo ethanol, acetone, zakumwa zotsukira mabotolo amadzimadzi, ndi sopo wapadera. Njira yotsukira ya masitepe ambiri nthawi zambiri imalimbikitsidwa: kutsuka zosungunulira (kuchotsa zotsalira zachilengedwe)→kutsuka m'madzi (kuchotsa kuipitsidwa kosungunuka m'madzi)→kutsuka m'madzi oyera.

Pambuyo poyeretsa kwathunthu, muyenera kuumitsa bwino kuti chinyezi chotsala chisakhudze chitsanzocho. Zipangizo zowumitsira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu uvuni wowumitsira wa labotale (60 ℃ -120 ℃), pa ntchito zina zovuta, zingagwiritsidwenso ntchito kupititsa patsogolo ukhondo ndi mphamvu ya bakiteriya yodzipangira yokha.

2. Kuzindikira zotsalira mutatsuka

Kuyeretsa bwino kuyenera kutsimikiziridwa poyesa zotsalira. Magwero ofala a zodetsa ndi monga zotsalira kuchokera ku zitsanzo zakale, zosungunula, zowonjezera ndi zotsalira za sopo kuchokera ku njira yoyeretsera. Kulephera kuchotsa zodetsa zonsezi kwathunthu kudzakhala ndi zotsatirapo zoyipa pa kusanthula komwe kumachitika pambuyo pake monga "ziphuphu" ndi phokoso lowonjezeka lakumbuyo.

Ponena za njira zodziwira, njira yolunjika kwambiri ndiyo kuchita kusanthula kopanda kanthu, mwachitsanzo, botolo loyeretsedwa limabayidwa ngati chitsanzo chopanda kanthu, ndipo kupezeka kwa nsonga zosadziwika kumawonedwa ndi gas chromatography (GC) kapena gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Njira ina yodziwika bwino ndi kusanthula kwathunthu kwa kaboni, komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa zinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zatsala pamwamba pa botolo kapena mu yankho losamba.

Kuphatikiza apo, "kuyerekeza maziko" kungachitike pogwiritsa ntchito njira yowunikira yokhudzana ndi chitsanzo: botolo loyeretsedwa limayendetsedwa pansi pa mikhalidwe yofanana ndi botolo latsopano, ndipo mulingo wa zizindikiro zakumbuyo umayerekezeredwa ndi kukhalapo kwa nsonga zabodza kuti muwone ngati kuyeretsa kuli kovomerezeka.

Zinthu Zomwe Zimakhudza Kugwiritsanso Ntchito

1. Zotsatira pa zotsatira zowunikira

Kugwiritsidwanso ntchito kwa ma vial a Headspace kuyenera kuyesedwa kaye kuti kuone ngati zotsatira zake zili pa zotsatira zowunikira, makamaka pakuwunika kuchuluka kwa zinthu. Pamene kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kukuwonjezeka, zinthu zotsalira zimatha kukhalabe pakhoma lamkati la vial, ndipo ngakhale mutatsuka, zinthu zotsalira zimatha kutulutsidwabe kutentha kwambiri, zomwe zimasokoneza kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe mukufuna kuziyeza. Ndi yotetezeka kwambiri pakuwunika kuchuluka kwa zinthu ndipo imakhala yotetezeka kwambiri.

Kukwera kwa phokoso lakumbuyo ndi vuto lofala. Kusatsuka kwathunthu kapena kuwonongeka kwa zinthu kungayambitse kusakhazikika kwa dongosolo, zomwe zingasokoneze kuzindikira ndi kuphatikizana kwa malo ogwirira ntchito.

Kuphatikiza apo, kubwerezabwereza kwa mayeso ndi kukhazikika kwa nthawi yayitali ndi zizindikiro zofunika kwambiri poyesa kuthekera kobwerezabwereza. Ngati mabotolo sakugwirizana pa ukhondo, magwiridwe antchito otseka, kapena kukhazikika kwa zinthu, izi zipangitsa kuti pakhale kusiyana kwa magwiridwe antchito a jakisoni ndi kusinthasintha kwa malo okwera, zomwe zimakhudza kubwerezabwereza kwa mayeso. Ndikofunikira kuti mayeso otsimikizira gulu achitike pa mabotolo ogwiritsidwanso ntchito m'njira yothandiza kuti zitsimikizire kufananiza ndi kukhazikika kwa deta yowunikidwa.

2. Kukalamba kwa Mbale ndi zopachikira

Kuwonongeka kwa thupi ndi kuwonongeka kwa zinthu za vial ndi makina otsekera n'kosapeweka mukamagwiritsa ntchito mobwerezabwereza. Pambuyo pa nthawi zambiri zoyendera kutentha, kugwedezeka ndi kutsukidwa ndi makina, mabotolo agalasi amatha kukhala ndi ming'alu yaying'ono kapena mikwingwirima, yomwe siimangokhala "malo akufa" a zinthu zodetsa, komanso imayambitsa chiopsezo cha kuphulika panthawi yogwira ntchito yotentha kwambiri.

Ma spacer, monga zigawo zoboola, amawonongeka mofulumira. Kuchuluka kwa ma spacer kungapangitse kuti spacer ikule kapena kutseka bwino, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chitsanzo chisawonongeke, kutayika kwa mpweya, komanso kusakhazikika kwa chakudya. Kukalamba kwa spacer kungathenso kutulutsa tinthu tating'onoting'ono kapena zinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zingaipitse chitsanzocho.

Zizindikiro zakuthupi za ukalamba zimaphatikizapo kusintha kwa mtundu wa botolo, malo osungira pamwamba, ndi kusintha kwa chivundikiro cha aluminiyamu, zonse zomwe zingakhudze momwe zitsanzo zimagwirira ntchito komanso momwe zida zimagwirizanirana. Kuti zitsimikizire chitetezo cha kuyesa ndi kudalirika kwa deta, tikukulimbikitsani kuchita mayeso ofunikira owonera ndi kutseka musanagwiritsenso ntchito, ndikuchotsa zinthu zomwe zimawonongeka kwambiri nthawi yake.

Malangizo ndi Malangizo Ogwiritsira Ntchitonso

Mabotolo okhala ndi mutu amatha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito pamlingo winawake atatsukidwa bwino ndikutsimikiziridwa, koma izi ziyenera kuweruzidwa mosamala poganizira momwe ntchitoyo ikuyendera, mtundu wa chitsanzocho komanso momwe zida zilili.

1. Chiwerengero chovomerezeka cha momwe mungagwiritsirenso ntchito

Malinga ndi zomwe zachitika m'ma laboratories ena ndi mabuku ena, pazochitika zogwiritsira ntchito pomwe ma VOC wamba kapena zitsanzo zochepa zodetsa zimagwiritsiridwa ntchito, mabotolo agalasi nthawi zambiri amatha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito katatu kapena kasanu, bola ngati atsukidwa bwino, aumitsidwa ndikuyang'aniridwa nthawi iliyonse akagwiritsidwa ntchito. Pambuyo pa kuchuluka kwa nthawizi, zovuta zoyeretsa, chiopsezo cha kukalamba komanso mwayi wotseka mabotolo molakwika zimawonjezeka kwambiri, ndipo tikukulimbikitsani kuti zichotsedwe munthawi yake. Ma cushion amalimbikitsidwa kuti asinthidwe pambuyo pa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kulikonse ndipo sakulangizidwa kuti agwiritsidwenso ntchito.

Dziwani kuti ubwino wa mabotolo umasiyana malinga ndi mitundu ndi mitundu ndipo uyenera kutsimikiziridwa malinga ndi mtundu wa chinthucho. Pa ntchito zofunika kapena kusanthula kolondola kwambiri, mabotolo atsopano ayenera kusankhidwa kuti atsimikizire kudalirika kwa deta.

2. Nthawi zina sizikulimbikitsidwa kugwiritsanso ntchito

Kugwiritsanso ntchito ma botolo a headspace sikuvomerezeka pazochitika zotsatirazi:

• Zotsalira za zitsanzo zimakhala zovuta kuchotsa kwathunthu, mwachitsanzo zitsanzo zokhuthala kwambiri, zosavuta kulowetsedwa kapena zokhala ndi mchere;
• Chitsanzocho chili ndi poizoni kwambiri kapena chosasunthika, mwachitsanzo benzene, ma hydrocarbons a chlorine, ndi zina zotero. Zotsalira zoyera zingakhale zoopsa kwa wogwiritsa ntchito;
• Kutseka kutentha kwambiri kapena zinthu zopanikizika mutagwiritsa ntchito vial, kusintha kwa kapangidwe kake kungakhudze kutseka komwe kumachitika pambuyo pake;
• Mabotolo amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo olamulidwa bwino monga kafukufuku wa zamankhwala, chakudya, ndi mankhwala, ndipo ayenera kutsatira malamulo oyenera komanso zofunikira pakuvomerezeka kwa labotale;
• Mabotolo okhala ndi ming'alu, masinthidwe, mtundu, kapena zilembo zomwe zimavuta kuchotsa zimakhala pachiwopsezo cha chitetezo.

3. Kukhazikitsa njira zoyendetsera ntchito

Kuti tigwiritsenso ntchito bwino komanso motetezeka, njira zogwirira ntchito zofanana ziyenera kukhazikitsidwa, kuphatikizapo koma osati zokhazo:

• Kuyang'anira zilembo ndi manambala m'maguluDziwani mabotolo omwe agwiritsidwa ntchito ndipo lembani kuchuluka kwa nthawi ndi mitundu ya zitsanzo zomwe zagwiritsidwa ntchito;
• Kukhazikitsa pepala lolembera zoyeretsera: khazikitsani dongosolo lililonse la kuyeretsa, lembani mtundu wa chotsukira, nthawi yoyeretsera, ndi magawo a zida;
• Kukhazikitsa miyezo ya mapeto a moyo ndi nthawi yowunikira: Ndikofunikira kuchita mayeso owunikira mawonekedwe ndi kutseka pambuyo pa nthawi iliyonse yogwiritsira ntchito;
• Kukhazikitsa njira yolekanitsira malo oyeretsera ndi osungiramo zinthu: kupewa kuipitsidwa ndi mankhwala ena ndikuonetsetsa kuti mabotolo oyera azikhala oyera musanagwiritse ntchito;
• Kuchita mayeso otsimikizira nthawi ndi nthawiMwachitsanzo, fufuzani zinthu zopanda kanthu kuti muwonetsetse kuti palibe kusokoneza kwa kumbuyo komanso kuti muwonetsetse kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mobwerezabwereza sikukhudza zotsatira za kusanthula.

Kudzera mu kayendetsedwe ka sayansi ndi njira zokhazikika, labotale ikhoza kuchepetsa mtengo wa zinthu zogwiritsidwa ntchito poganizira kuti kusanthula kuli bwino, ndikukwaniritsa ntchito zoyesera zobiriwira komanso zokhazikika.

Kuwunika Ubwino Wachuma ndi Zachilengedwe

Kuwongolera ndalama ndi kukhazikika kwa zinthu kwakhala zinthu zofunika kwambiri pa ntchito zamakono za labotale. Kuyeretsa ndi kugwiritsanso ntchito mabotolo a mutu sikungopangitsa kuti ndalama zisamawonongeke kwambiri, komanso kuchepetsa zinyalala za labotale, zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri pa kuteteza chilengedwe komanso kumanga labotale yobiriwira.

1. Kuwerengera ndalama zosungira: zogwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi imodzi poyerekeza ndi zogwiritsidwanso ntchito

Ngati mabotolo okhala ndi mutu wotayika atagwiritsidwa ntchito pa kuyesa kulikonse, kuyesa 100 kungawononge ndalama zambiri. Ngati botolo lililonse lagalasi lingagwiritsidwenso ntchito mosamala kangapo, kuyesa komweko kungafunike mtengo wamba kapena wocheperapo kuposa woyamba.

Njira yoyeretsera imakhudzanso zinthu zamagetsi, sopo, ndi ndalama zogwirira ntchito. Komabe, m'ma laboratories omwe ali ndi makina oyeretsera okha, ndalama zochepa zoyeretsera zimakhala zochepa, makamaka pofufuza zitsanzo zambiri, ndipo phindu la ndalama zogwiritsidwanso ntchito ndilofunika kwambiri.

2. Kugwira ntchito bwino kwa kuchepetsa zinyalala za m'ma laboratories

Mabotolo ogwiritsidwa ntchito kamodzi kokha amatha kusonkhanitsa zinyalala zambiri zamagalasi mwachangu. Pogwiritsa ntchito mabotolowa, kupanga zinyalala kumatha kuchepetsedwa kwambiri ndipo katundu wotaya zinyalala ungachepe, ndi maubwino ake nthawi yomweyo makamaka m'ma laboratories omwe ali ndi ndalama zambiri zotaya zinyalala kapena zofunikira kwambiri pakusankha.

Kuphatikiza apo, kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa zolumikizira ndi zipewa za aluminiyamu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kudzachepetsanso kuchuluka kwa zinyalala zochokera ku rabara ndi zitsulo.

3. Kupereka thandizo ku chitukuko chokhazikika cha ma laboratories

Kugwiritsanso ntchito zinthu zogwiritsidwa ntchito mu labu ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pa "kusintha kobiriwira" kwa labu. Mwa kukulitsa moyo wa zinthu zogwiritsidwa ntchito popanda kuwononga ubwino wa deta, sitimangowonjezera kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu, komanso timakwaniritsa zofunikira za machitidwe oyang'anira zachilengedwe monga ISO 14001. Zimakwaniritsanso zofunikira za machitidwe oyang'anira zachilengedwe monga ISO 14001, ndipo zimakhudza kwambiri kupempha satifiketi yobiriwira ya labu, kuwunika kosunga mphamvu kwa mayunivesite, ndi malipoti okhudza udindo wa makampani.

Nthawi yomweyo, kukhazikitsidwa kwa miyezo ya njira yogwiritsiranso ntchito ndi kuyeretsa kumathandiziranso kukonza kayendetsedwe ka labotale ndipo kumathandiza kukulitsa chikhalidwe choyesera chomwe chimapatsa lingaliro lofanana la kukhazikika ndi miyezo yasayansi.

Mapeto ndi Chiyembekezo

Mwachidule, kuyeretsa ndi kugwiritsanso ntchito ma botolo a headspace n'kotheka mwaukadaulo. Zipangizo zapamwamba zagalasi za borosilicate zokhala ndi mankhwala osagwira ntchito bwino komanso kutentha kwambiri zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kangapo popanda kukhudza kwambiri zotsatira zowunikira pansi pa njira zoyenera zoyeretsera ndi momwe zimagwiritsidwira ntchito. Kudzera mu kusankha mwanzeru kwa zotsukira, kugwiritsa ntchito zida zoyeretsera zokha, komanso kuphatikiza kuyanika ndi kuyeretsa, labotale ikhoza kugwiritsanso ntchito ma botolo moyenera, kuwongolera bwino ndalama ndikuchepetsa zinyalala.

Pogwiritsira ntchito, mtundu wa chitsanzocho, zofunikira pa kukhudzidwa kwa njira yowunikira, komanso kukalamba kwa mabotolo ndi ma spacer ziyenera kuyesedwa mokwanira. Tikulimbikitsa kukhazikitsa njira yogwiritsira ntchito yonse, kuphatikizapo mbiri ya kagwiritsidwe ntchito, malire a kuchuluka kwa kubwerezabwereza, ndi njira yochotsera nthawi ndi nthawi kuti tiwonetsetse kuti kugwiritsanso ntchito sikubweretsa chiopsezo ku ubwino wa deta komanso chitetezo cha kuyesa.

Poyang'ana patsogolo, ndi kukwezedwa kwa lingaliro la labotale yobiriwira komanso kulimbitsa malamulo azachilengedwe, kugwiritsidwanso ntchito kwa mabotolo pang'onopang'ono kudzakhala njira yofunika kwambiri yoyendetsera zinthu za labotale, kafukufuku wamtsogolo angayang'ane kwambiri pakukula kwa ukadaulo woyeretsa wothandiza kwambiri, wodziyimira pawokha, kufufuza zinthu zatsopano zomwe zingagwiritsidwenso ntchito, ndi zina zotero, kudzera mu kuwunika kwasayansi ndi kukhazikitsa kasamalidwe ka mabotolo ogwiritsidwanso ntchito a headspace sikungothandiza kokha Kudzera mu kuwunika kwasayansi ndi kasamalidwe kokhazikika, kugwiritsidwanso ntchito kwa mabotolo ozungulira mutu sikungothandiza kuchepetsa mtengo wa zoyeserera, komanso kumapereka njira yotheka yopititsira patsogolo chitukuko chokhazikika cha ma labotale.